Dr (Prof.) Prashant Kr- Senior Laparoscopic Surgeon & Endoscopist, MS, MRCS(Eng), Ex School: Princess of Wales Clinic, U.K

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Dr Prashant kumar

A dynamic surgeon with fifteen + a long time of Specialist excellence in offering health-related products and services throughout various geographical regions. Adept at rendering clinical services having a human face coupled with counseling and comforting contact. Proven skills in dealing with a various array of emergencies and taking split-second choices to relieve client suffering. Thorough exposure throughout various surgical treatments; an astute Skilled presenting a wonderful combination of professional medical/surgical competencies and administrative acumen.
Devoted to encourage healing course of action to maximize lifestyle quality, extensive know-how of knowledge and methods required to diagnose & address human injuries, ailments and deformities. Effectively informed about alterations, exploration and developments in the field of medicine. Offers honed interpersonal techniques bringing about straightforward conversation with people & patients.

LAPAROSCOPIC & LASER SURGERY

Just lately laser know-how has gained extensive-distribute use within just Virtually all fields, including laparoscopic medical procedures. A laser is a device that emits light-weight (electromagnetic radiation) by means of a treatment for optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The expression "laser" was originally an acronym for Gentle Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The emitted laser gentle is noteworthy for its higher degree of spatial and temporal coherence, unattainable applying other technologies. Both equally laser and electrosurgery work on an identical biological principle by intracellular fluid is intensively heated producing the mobile membrane to explode as in chopping, or to slowly dehydrate the entire process of coagulation throughout small obtain operation.
Laser surgical treatment was released inside the early nineteen fifties, however it did not get reputation until finally the last 10 years. Electrosurgery, in use Considering that the turn of the century, takes advantage of significant frequency (radio-frequency) Electrical power for chopping and other forms of coagulation. You can find numerous forms of lasers. In this particular evaluate we confer with the CO2 laser, not other modalities for example YAG, and many others.

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BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF LASER AND ELECTROSURGERY

Dr Prashant kumar
In electrosurgery, the higher density in the RF latest used throughout the active electrosurgical electrode leads to a chopping motion, provided the electrode features a small surface area that may be use with versatile laparoscopic devices like Hook, Aspiration Needle, Maryland, Triton, Spatula and Despite Scissors..

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Laparoscopic gallbladder

Laparoscopic gallbladder removal is a minimally invasive surgery in which small incisions and specialized tools are used to remove a diseased or inflamed gallbladder.
The gallbladder is a small organ located just below your liver in your right upper abdomen. It stores bile, which is a liquid produced in the liver. The gallbladder releases bile into the small bowel to help break down and absorb dietary fats.
Normal digestion is possible without a gallbladder. Removal is a treatment option if it becomes significantly diseased or inflamed.
Laparoscopic removal is the most common type of gallbladder removal surgery. It’s formally known as laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
The main reason for having a gallbladder removed is the presence of gallstones and the complications they cause.
The presence of gallstones is called cholelithiasisi Gallstones form inside the gallbladder from substances in the bile that become solid. They can be as small as a grain of sand and as large as a golf ball
You might also need this type of surgery if you have the following:
biliary dyskinesia, which occurs when the gallbladder doesn’t empty bile correctly due to a defect
cholelithiasisi , which occurs when gallstones move to the common bile duct and potentially cause a blockage that prevents the gallbladder and rest of the biliary tree from draining cholecystitis, which is an inflammation of the gallbladder
Pancreatitis which is an inflammation of the pancreas that is related to gallstones
Laparoscopic surgery is preferred to open surgery because your surgeon makes smaller incisions. Smaller incisions reduce your risk of infection, bleeding, and recovery time.

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Appendix

Appendix pain occurs due to inflammation of the appendix (appendicitis). Appendicitis involves pain along with inflammation of the appendix. The appendix located in the lower abdominal area is a tube-like structure that projects from the large intestine. As the inflammation progresses, the severity of appendicitis pain increases. Appendicitis is an emergency condition, and in most cases, the doctor recommends removing the appendix.
If not treated on time, appendicitis may result in the rupture of the appendix. It may result in the spreading of bacteria throughout the body, which has fatal implications. Fortunately, since the appendix is an vestigial organ, there is no problem in living without an appendix if the doctor advises for its removal.

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Types of Appendicitis

Acute appendicitis: This appendix-type inflammation is one of the most common causes of pain in the abdominal cavity. The symptoms of acute appendicitis develop suddenly and are comparatively more severe.
Chronic appendicitis: Patients with chronic appendicitis experience the symptoms for a long time. They may come and go. The severity of symptoms is less than acute appendicitis, but the patients can’t ignore them.
Both the acute and chronic appendicitis can be:
Simple appendicitis: In this appendicitis, the patients have mild to moderate pain. The patients do not have related complications.
Complex appendicitis: In this condition, the patients may have severe pain and have complications such as ruptured appendix or formation of an abscess.

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Symptoms of Appendicitis

Pain: Appendicitis early symptoms include moderate to severe appendicitis pain. The pain increases with the severity of the disease. Appendix pain location may be in the upper abdomen (around the belly button) and the lower right side of the abdominal cavity.
Gastrointestinal symptoms: The patients also have several gastrointestinal symptoms. These are loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, indigestion, inability to pass gas, and abdominal swelling.
Other symptoms: The other symptoms related to appendicitis are low-grade fever and pain while walking or coughing.


Causes of Appendicitis

In several cases, the exact cause of appendicitis remains unknown. However, the primary cause of appendicitis is obstruction or blockage of the appendix. Blockage in the appendix causes the formation of pus due to bacterial multiplications. It results in pain and inflammation. Some of the reasons for appendix obstruction are:

Enlargement of the lymphoid follicles
Cancer
Traumatic injury
Hardening of the stool
Worms in the intestine
Certain foods are also responsible for this condition.

Some of the foods that can cause appendicitis are:
Too many sugary products such as pastries and cakes
Foods that irritate the digestive system, such as fried and spicy foods
High-fat content foods, such as red meat
Treatment of Appendicitis
Appendectomy: Removal of appendix is known as appendectomy. The doctor may perform appendectomy through open surgery or laparoscopic surgery. Not all patients are eligible for laparoscopic surgery. In case of a ruptured appendix, the doctor prefers open surgery.
Abscess drainage: Before appendectomy, the doctor performs an appendicitis test. If there is a significant amount of pus present in the appendix, the doctor may drain the abscess before appendectomy.
Home remedies for appendix: Some home remedies may also help you in reducing the pain of appendicitis. These are listening to music, connecting with friends, and distracting the mind. Drinking a lot of water and eating fenugreek, garlic, and mint may also provide relief from appendicitis symptoms.

Hernia operation

It often takes 1 to 2 years before hernias begin to cause noticeable, irritating, or painful symptoms. Some people may only notice hernia symptoms when doing activities, such as strenuous exercise, for example.
Hernia symptoms and factors that indicate surgery may be necessary include:
long-term hernia pain or discomfort
pain or discomfort that interferes with everyday activities
pain or discomfort intensifying or worsening over time
large hernias
fast-growing hernias
hernias in places where they might worsening or enlarging, such as the groin
sharp abdominal pain and vomiting
hernias that put pressure on nerves to cause irritation and numbness
In some cases, hernias never end up causing enough symptoms to warrant medical intervention. But hernias cannot resolve or heal without surgery, so when negative symptoms occur surgery is necessary.

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Herniorrhaphy is the oldest type of hernia surgery and is still being used. It involves a surgeon making a long incision directly over the hernia then using surgical tools to open the cut enough to access it.
Tissues or a displaced organ are then returned to their original location, and the hernia sac is removed.
The surgeon stitches the sides of the muscle opening or hole through which the hernia protrudes. Once the wound has been sterilized, it is stitched shut.

Phimosis surgery

Phimosis is a condition of the penis that occurs in some adults and children who aren’t circumcised. If you have phimosis, your foreskin can’t be pulled back (retracted). It may look like your penis has rings around the tip.
Having phimosis isn’t necessarily a problem. It only becomes a problem when it causes symptoms. This could be when phimosis is severe and leaves an opening the size of a pinhole.
Actually, there are two types of phimosis: physiologic and pathologic. The physiologic type is associated with childhood and usually resolves as you age. The pathologic type is associated with a condition called balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO).
The foreskin (also called the prepuce) is tight when babies are born, but usually gets looser by the time the child is 2 years old. During the years between ages 2 and 6, the foreskin loosens up and begins to separate from the head of their penis. Phimosis can also happen after childhood.
Phimosis is found in virtually all newborns, and then the foreskin changes gradually so that it can be pulled back. It’s estimated that only 1% of people still have phimosis when they're 16 years old.
Someone with phimosis may have the following symptoms:
Redness or discoloration, which may occur when infected/irritated.
Swelling (inflammation), which may occur when infected/irritated.
Soreness.
Pain while urinating ( dysuria)
Pain with erections or with sexual activity.

Hydrocele

Hydroceles can occur at any age, yet tend to be more common newborns. While they can occur without any underlying causes, an underlying injury or even inflammation can also contribute to their development. For most people, hydroceles are nothing more than an inconvenient — yet temporary — condition.

a child's testicles descend from their abdomen into the scrotum towards the end of pregnancy. The scrotum is the sac of skin that holds the testicles once they descend.
During development, each testicle has a naturally occurring sac around it that contains fluid. Normally, this sac closes itself and the body absorbs the fluid inside during the baby’s first year. However, this doesn’t happen for babies with a hydrocele. Babies born prematurely are at a higher risk for developing hydrocele.
Hydroceles can also form later in life, mostly in men over 40. They can occur from a hernia but this is less common. Most of the time it is either from inflammation or from the sac (called the tunica vaginalis) not reabsorbing fluid properly. The epithelial cells in the sac produce and reabsorb the fluid constantly and there can be dysfunction with these cells leading to excess fluid.
Hydroceles can also be caused by inflammation or injury in the scrotum or along the channel. The inflammation may be caused by an infection (epididymitis ) or another condition.epididymitis

What are the symptoms of a hydrocele
Hydroceles usually don’t cause any pain. Usually, the most common symptom is a swollen scrotum. However, depending on the severity of the swelling, pain or discomfort may also occur.

In adults, there may be a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. In some cases, the swelling might be worse in the morning than in the evening. It is not usually very painful. For noncommunicating hydroceles, the size usually stays the same or grows very slowly.

Also, with a communicating hydrocele, there’s the potential for other conditions to also develop. For example, with a communicating hydrocele, the sac doesn’t fully close. In most cases, this means that fluid can travel in and out of the sac. But depending on the size of the remaining opening, it’s possible for a hernia to also develop.

Varicose vein

Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins. Varicose veins can happen anywhere in the body, but are more common in the legs.
Varicose veins are not considered a serious medical condition. But, they can be uncomfortable and can lead to more serious problems. And, because they may be very noticeable, they may cause people to feel uncomfortable or embarrassed.
What causes varicose veins

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Varicose veins are caused by increased blood pressure in the veins. Varicose veins happen in the veins near the surface of the skin (superficial).
The blood moves towards the heart by one-way valves in the veins. When the valves become weakened or damaged, blood can collect in the veins. This causes the veins to become enlarged. Sitting or standing for long periods can cause blood to pool in the leg veins, increasing the pressure within the veins. The veins can stretch from the increased pressure. This may weaken the walls of the veins and damage the valves.

What are the risk factors for varicose veins

Varicose veins may be more common in some families (inherited). Increased pressure in the veins may cause varicose veins. Factors that may increase pressure include:
Overweight or obesity
Older age
Being female
Being inactive
Leg injury
Pregnancy
Smoking
Taking oral contraceptive pills or hormone replacement

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious condition with blood clots in the deep veins. This condition does not usually happen with varicose veins. That is because varicose veins affect the veins close to the surface of the skin. However, with severe varicose veins, there is a small chance of developing blood clots in the deep veins. Blood clots need medical care right away. Symptoms of blood clots include pain, swelling, and redness of the leg. Blood clots may also happen in the arms or other parts of the body. If you have symptoms that may mean a blood clot, call your healthcare provider.
A piece of a blood clot may break off and travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot in the lungs is very serious and may cause death. Symptoms include chest pain, trouble breathing, coughing (may cough up blood), a fast heartbeat, sweating, and fainting. If you have symptoms that may mean a blood clot in the lungs, or get.

What are the symptoms of varicose veins

The following are the most common symptoms of varicose veins. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
Color changes in the skin
Sores on the legs
Rash
Sensations in the legs, such as a heavy feeling, burning, and/or aching
Severe varicose veins may eventually produce long-term mild swelling that can result in more serious skin and tissue problems. These include ulcers and non healing sores.
The symptoms of varicose veins may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Always talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.
What is the treatment for varicose veins
Specific treatment for varicose veins will be determined by your healthcare provider based on:
Your age, overall health, and medical history
Extent of the condition
Your signs and symptoms
Your tolerance of specific medicines, procedures, or therapies
Expectations for the course of the condition
Your opinion or preference
Medical treatment may not be necessary if there are no symptoms. However, varicose veins may sometimes worsen without treatment.
Medical treatment may include:
Elevation of the legs. You may be instructed to elevate your feet above the level of your heart 3 or 4 times a day for about 15 minutes at a time. If you need to sit or stand for a long period of time, flexing (bending) your legs occasionally can help keep blood circulating. If you have mild to moderate varicose veins, elevating your legs can help reduce leg swelling and relieve other symptoms.
Compression stockings. These elastic stockings squeeze the veins and prevent blood from pooling. Compression stockings can be effective if they are worn every day.
Sclerotherapy. Sclerotherapy is the most common treatment for both spider and varicose veins. A salt (saline) or chemical solution is injected into the varicose veins. They no longer carry blood. And, other veins take over.
Thermal ablation. Lasers or radiofrequency energy may be used to treat varicose veins. A tiny fiber is inserted into a varicose vein through a catheter. The laser or radiofrequency energy is used to deliver heat that destroys the wall of the varicose vein.
Vein stripping. This is surgery to remove varicose veins.
Microphlebectomy. Special tools inserted through small cuts (incisions) are used to remove varicose veins. It may be done alone or with vein stripping
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Piles

Piles can be grouped into four different categories or grades. They are as follows:
Grade I: This grade involves smaller inflammations along the lining of the anus. They are usually not visible.
Grade II: These are larger than Grade I piles, but still remain inside the anus. Sometimes, they may get pushed out with the passing of stool.
Grade III: Also known as prolapsed hemorrhoids, these appear outside of the anus. The patient will feel them hanging from the rectum. However, they can be re-inserted quite easily

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Grade IV: These are quite large and cannot be pushed back. These need treatment as they continue to remain outside the anus.
Causes
It is not established yet what actually causes the veins around your anus to swell and bulge, yet nearly two out of the four adults undergo the symptoms of hemorrhoids. Some of the common factors contributing to an increased risk of suffering from piles are constipation, sedentary lifestyle, bad diet, smoking and alcohol, family history, being pregnant or obese, regular heavy eating, and stress
Types
Hemorrhoids are classified into 4 different categories: Internal, Prolapsed, External and Thrombosed.
Internal Hemorrhoids: They lie deep inside the rectum and so are not visible to the naked eye. They might not cause any pain but their presence is marked with the symptom of bleeding through the anus.
External Hemorrhoids: They are formed in the outer lining of the anal creating extreme discomfort and pain. They are sometimes invisible and other times develop as a lump. These can also form blood clots within the mass that slips down.
Prolapsed Hemorrhoids: When internal hemorrhoids swell and stick outside your anus the situation is coined as prolapsed hemorrhoids. These lumps cause discomfort or pain along with itchiness and burning.
Thrombosed Hemorrhoids: These swollen bulges around your anus are blood clots within the hemorrhoidal tissue. Due to lack of blood supply to your rectal tissue, thrombosed hemorrhoids need to be attended to urgently to prevent severe complications.
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of piles subside on their own in a few days. However, in some cases, these must not be ignored. Since ignoring the initial symptoms can lead to serious complications, keep a check on these symptoms:
Rectal pain
Itching
Bleeding
Sore and redness in the anus area
Mucus discharge
It is strongly suggested that if you are bleeding during defecation or your hemorrhoids don’t improve after a week of home care, consult a doctor.
Treatment
The treatment for piles may vary depending on the type, degree of prolapse or the severity of the situation. However, these self-help tips may ease haemorrhoid pain and promote healing:

Fistula

An anal fistula is a small tunnel that connects an abscess, an infected cavity in the anus, to an opening on the skin around the anus.
The anus is the external opening through which feces are expelled from the body. Just inside the anus are a number of small glands that make mucus. Occasionally, these glands get clogged and can become infected, leading to an abscess. About half of these abscesses may develop into a fistula.

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What causes an anal fistula

The leading causes of an anal fistula are clogged anal glands and anal abscesses. Other, much less common, conditions that can cause an anal fistula include:
Crohn's disease (an inflammatory disease of the intestine)
Radiation (treatment for cancer)
Trauma
Sexually transmitted diseases Tumberculosis
Tuberculosis (a disease in which small pouches form in the large intestine and become inflamed)
Cancer

What are the symptoms of an anal fistula

The signs and symptoms of an anal fistula include:
Frequent anal abscesses
Pain and swelling around the anus
Bloody or foul-smelling drainage (pus) from an opening around the anus. The pain may decrease after the fistula drains.
Irritation of the skin around the anus from drainage
Pain with bowel movements
Bleeding
Fever, chills and a general feeling of fatigue
You should see your doctor if you notice any of these symptoms.

What are the treatments for an anal fistula

Surgery is almost always necessary to cure an anal fistula. The surgery is performed by a colon and rectal surgeon. The goal of the surgery is a balance between getting rid of the fistula while protecting the anal sphincter muscles, which could cause incontinence if damaged.

Fistulas in which there is no or little sphincter muscle involved are treated with a fistulotomy. In this procedure, the skin and muscle over the tunnel are cut open to convert it from a tunnel to an open groove. This allows the fistula tract to heal from the bottom up.
In the case of a more complex fistula, the surgeon may have to place a special drain called a seton, which remains in place for at least 6 weeks. After a seton is placed, a second operation is almost always performed:
A fistulotomy, or
An advancement flap procedure (the fistula is covered with a flap, or piece of tissue, taken from the rectum, like a trap door), or
A lift procedure (the skin above the fistula is opened up, the sphincter muscles are spread, and the fistula is tied off).
A new treatment for Crohn’s disease fistulas is to inject stem cells into the fistula. Your colorectal surgeon will discuss all of your options before the surgery.
Fistula surgery is usually done on an outpatient basis, which means the patient can go home the same day. Patients who have very large or deep fistula tunnels may have to stay in the hospital for a short time after the surgery. Some fistulas may require several operations to get rid of the fistula.

Fissure

Anal fissures can be caused by trauma to the anus and anal canal. The trauma can be caused by one or more of the following:
Chronic (long-term) constipation
Straining to have a bowel movement, especially if the stool is large, hard and/or dry
Prolonged diarrhea
Anal sex, anal stretching
Insertion of foreign objects into the anus
Causes other than trauma include:
Longstanding poor bowel habits
Overly tight or spastic anal sphincter muscles (muscles that control the closing of the anus)
Scarring in the anorectal area

Signs and symptoms of an anal fissure include:
Pain during, and even hours after, a bowel movement
Constipation
Blood on the outside surface of the stool
Blood on toilet tissue or wipes
A visible crack or tear in the anus or anal canal
Burning and itching that may be painful
Discomfort when urinating, frequent urination, or inability to urinate
Foul-smelling discharge


What does surgery for an anal fissure involve

Before surgery is considered, your doctor will re-examine you and may conduct other tests to determine why other treatments have failed to heal the fissure.
A fissure may fail to heal because of scarring or muscle spasms of the internal anal sphincter muscle. Surgery usually consists of making a cut to a small portion of the internal anal sphincter muscle to reduce pain and spasms and allow the fissure to heal. Cutting the muscle rarely results in the loss of ability to control bowel movements.
The surgery can usually be performed on an outpatient basis (the patient goes home the same day). Pain is relieved after a few days and complete healing takes place in a few weeks.

Laser surgery

What types of surgeries use lasers

There are many indications for the use of lasers in surgery. The following are some of the more common indications:
To remove tumors
To help prevent blood loss by sealing small blood vessels
To seal lymph vessels to help decrease swelling and decrease the spread of tumor cells
To treat some skin conditions, including to remove or improve warts, moles, tattoos, birthmarks, scars, and wrinkles

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Ovarian cyst

As most ovarian cysts cause no symptoms, many cysts are diagnosed by chance - for example, during a routine examination, or if you have an ultrasound scan for another reason.
If you have symptoms suggestive of an ovarian cyst, your doctor may examine your tummy (abdomen) and perform an internal (vaginal) examination. They may be able to feel an abnormal swelling which may be a cyst.
.An ultrasound scan can confirm an ovarian cyst. An ultrasound scan is a safe and painless test which uses sound waves to create images of organs and structures inside your body. The probe of the scanner may be placed on your abdomen to scan the ovaries. A small probe is also often placed inside your vagina to scan your ovaries, to obtain more detailed images.
A blood test called a CA125 test is often done as well as an ultrasound scan. If this test is normal it is unlikely your cyst is cancerous. In itself a normal blood test does not completely rule out ovarian cancer, but it can do in combination with an ultrasound appearance of a benign cyst.
Some women may have other tests - for example, a computerized tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. For the most common type of benign ovarian cysts this is not needed. It may be useful when the ultrasound scan is not conclusive and/or the CA125 result is higher than normal.
Ovarian cyst treatment
Your specialist will advise on the best course of action. This depends on factors such as:
Your age.
Whether you are past the menopause.
The appearance and size of your cyst from the ultrasound scan.
Whether you have any symptoms

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Uterine fibroid

Uterine fibroids (also called leiomyomas) are growths made up of the muscle and connective tissue from the wall of the uterus. These growths are usually not cancerous (benign). Your uterus is an upside down pear-shaped organ in your pelvis. The normal size of your uterus is similar to a lemon. It’s also called the womb and it’s the place where a baby grows and develops during pregnancy.
Fibroids can grow as a single nodule (one growth) or in a cluster. Fibroid clusters can range in size from 1 mm to more than 20 cm (8 inches) in diameter or even larger. For comparison, they can get as large as the size of a watermelon. These growths can develop within the wall of the uterus, inside the main cavity of the organ or even on the outer surface. Fibroids can vary in size, number and location within and on your uterus.
Are fibroids common
Fibroids are actually a very common type of growth in your pelvis. Approximately 40 to 80% of women have fibroids. However, many women don’t experience any symptoms from their fibroids, so they don’t realize they have fibroids. This can happen when you have small fibroids — called asymptomatic because they don’t cause you to feel anything unusual.

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Nail problem

Healthy nails appear smooth and have consistent coloring. As you age, you may develop vertical ridges, or your nails may be a bit more brittle. This is harmless. Spots due to injury should grow out with the nail.
Abnormalities — such as spots, discoloration, and nail separation — can result from injuries to the fingers and hands, viral warts (periungual), infections (onychomycosis), and some medications, such as those used for onychomycosis
Certain medical conditions can also change the appearance of your fingernails. However, these changes can be difficult to interpret. Your fingernails’ appearance alone isn’t enough to diagnose a specific illness. A doctor will use this information, along with your other symptoms and a physical exam, to make a diagnosis.
You should always consult your doctor if you have any questions about changes in your nails.

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Abnormalities of the fingernail
Some changes in your nails are due to medical conditions that need attention. See your doctor if you have any of these symptoms:
discoloration (dark streaks, white streaks, or changes in nail color)
changes in nail shape (curling or clubbing)
changes in nail thickness (thickening or thinning)
nails that become brittle
nails that are pitted
bleeding around nails
swelling or redness around nails
pain around nails
a nail separating from the skin
These nail changes can be caused by a variety of different conditions, including ones we describe below.


Clubbing

Clubbing is when your nails thicken and curve around your fingertips, a process that generally takes years. This can be the result of low oxygen in the blood and is associated with:
cardiovascular diseases
Inflammatory bowel disease
liver diseases
pulmonary diseases


Kidney and bladder stone

Kidney and bladder stones are solid build-ups of crystals made from minerals and proteins found in urine. Certain bladder conditions and urinary tract infections can increase your chance of developing stones.
Your doctor may use abdominal and pelvic CT, intravenous pyelogram, or abdominal or pelvic ultrasound to help diagnose your condition. If a stone blocks urine flow and drainage of the kidney, your doctor may restore urine flow using ureteral stenting or nephrostomy
What are kidney and bladder stones
Kidney or bladder stones are solid build-ups of crystals made from minerals and proteins found in urine. Bladder diverticulum enlarged prostate, neurogenic bladder and urinary tract infection can cause an individual to have a greater chance of developing bladder stones.
If a kidney stone becomes lodged in the ureter or c it can cause constant severe pain in the back or side, vomiting, hematuria (blood in the urine), fever, or chills.
If bladder stones are small enough, they can pass on their own with no noticeable symptoms. However, once they become larger, bladder stones can cause frequent urges to urinate, painful or difficult urination and hematuria.

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How are kidney and bladder stones treated

If a stone blocks urine flow and drainage of the kidney, there are a variety of possible treatments. An option that your doctor may choose is:
Ureteral stenting or nephrostomy : A ureteral stent is a thin, flexible tube threaded into the ureter by a urologist to restore the flow of urine to the bladder from the kidney.

A nephrostomy is performed by an interventional radiologist when ureteral stenting is not possible or desirable. A tube is placed through the skin on the patient's back into the kidney and the tube is connected to an external drainage bag. The procedure is usually performed with fluoroscopy.

Prostate

The prostate is a small gland in men that helps make semen. Located just below the bladder in front of the rectum, it wraps around the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body. It tends to grow larger as you get older. If your prostate gets too large, it can cause a number of health issues.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH, is very common in older men. It means your prostate is enlarged but not cancerous. Treatments for BPH include:
Chronic prostatitis, also called chronic pelvic pain syndrome, is a common prostate problem. It can cause pain in the lower back, in the groin, or at the tip of the penis. Treatment may require a combination of medicines, surgery, and lifestyle changes.
Be sure to talk with your doctor about the possible side effects of treatment.

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Symptoms of Prostate Problems

right away if you have any of these symptoms:
Frequent urge to urinate
Need to get up many times during the night to urinate
Blood in urine or semen
Pain or burning urination
Painful ejaculation
Frequent pain or stiffness in lower back, hips, pelvic or rectal area, or upper thighs
Dribbling of urine

What is an upper endoscopy

An upper endoscopy is a procedure to examine the upper part of the digestive tract. The procedure is also called an esophagogastroduodenoscopy .
A gastrointestinal (GI) doctor (gastroenterologist) uses an endoscope. The scope is a narrow, flexible tube with a light and small video camera. Through the scope, your doctor can view the inside lining of your:
The tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach.
stomach: The organ that holds food and starts the digestion process.
Duodenum: The upper part of your small intestine .
What does an upper endoscopy treat
Healthcare providers can also do treatments with an endoscope. Your doctor may also use upper endoscopy to:
Control upper digestive tract bleeding.
Stretch narrowed digestive tracts.
Remove polyps, tumors or swallowed objects.

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Breast tumor

A tumor is a mass of abnormal tissue. There are two types of breast cancer tumors: those that are non-cancerous, or ‘benign’, and those that are cancerous, which are ‘malignant’.
When a tumor is diagnosed as benign, doctors will usually leave it alone rather than remove it. Even though these tumors are not generally aggressive toward surrounding tissue, occasionally they may continue to grow, pressing on other tissue and causing pain or other problems. In these situations, the tumor is removed, allowing pain or complications to subside.

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Malignant tumors

Malignant tumors are cancerous and may be aggressive because they invade and damage surrounding tissue. When a tumor is suspected to be malignant, the doctor will perform a biopsy to determine the severity or aggressiveness of the tumor.

Tumor Grades

Tumor grading is a system used to classify a malignant breast cancer tumor based upon the severity of the mutation and the likelihood that it will spread. The breast cancer cells are examined under a microscope to determine, among other factors, how closely the breast cancer cells resemble the healthy cells (called the histologic grade) and the shape and size of the tumor cells’ nuclei (called the nuclear grade) as well as how rapidly those cells divide and multiply.

When dealing with breast cancer, tumors are often graded based on a scale of one to three indicating how aggressive the cancerous cells are:
Low grade (1) – Well-differentiated
Intermediate grade (2) – Moderately differentiated
High grade (3) – Poorly differentiated
Low grade tumors look more like normal tissue under the microscope. High-grade tumors look abnormal and less like normal tissue and tend to be more aggressive.

Laser Circumcision

The bottom line of the circumcision procedure is the same – removal of foreskin from the penis. All that changes is how it is removed. In stapler circumcision, a device is used to trim off the foreskin but in a laser circumcision procedure, a laser is used to cut off the skin.
Using a laser to perform circumcision has its own benefits. The cut off will be more precise than using a scalpel. Laser circumcision has lesser blood loss during the procedure and also the wound heals quickly effectively reducing the recovery time by a day or two. Quicker healing means lower risk of postoperative complications or chances of infections and thereby lesser visits to your doctor.

Both laser circumcision and stapler circumcision procedures have their own merits and risks. The best person to answer this question is your sexologist or doctor who is performing the surgery. Depending on the cause and the expertise of the doctor, he/she may suggest the right procedure to go for. If you do have some knowledge about the procedure or taking a second opinion, you can discuss with your doctor in detail and then take a call.
Doctors and specialists at Dr Prashant kumar
are highly trained and experienced in performing both laser and stapler circumcisions. They can help you understand the merits and demerits of each procedure and you can be assured of the best hygiene and services at most affordable rates. You can also check with our insurance specialist if your case can be covered by your insurance provider before undergoing the surgery.

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